Resurgent tobafield, chronologic, and model constraints. The feeder system of the toba supervolcano from the slab to. Paleomagnetic observations from lake sediments on samosir island, toba caldera, indonesia, and its late pleistocene resurgence volume 95 katharine e. The toba volcanic complex, located in northern sumatra, indonesia, is part of a 5000 km long volcanic chain along the sunda arc. The mga stations comprise a small fraction of the data used. The table below contains details pertaining to the six keysections. Grey shading is the outline of the composite caldera.
The toba tuffs and caldera complex, sumatra, indonesia. Pdf lithological, physical and chemical attributes of. Tuffs respectively known as the haranggoal dacite tuff hdt erupted at 1. Geology of the high rock caldera complex, northwest nevada, and. New data reveal details of the post caldera history at the earths youngest resurgent supervolcano, toba caldera in sumatra. Distribution of magma beneath the toba caldera complex. The long axis of the depression is parallel to the sumatra fault sf toba caldera was formed by four major eruptions while the biggest one is the eruption of the youngest toba tuff 74 ka. The toba caldera complex in north sumatra comprises four overlapping volcanic craters that adjoin the sumatran volcanic front. Although some fraction of the dispersion along the arrays can be.
Toba caldera associated with the subduction of the indoaustralian plate fitch, 1972. Insights into magma bodies and eruptions phd thesis, michigan tech. Lake toba is the elongate black feature with samosir island in the middle. In 2008, an earthquake struck in the southwest of north sumatra. Composition of volcanic allanite from the toba tuffs. Petrogenesis of the toba tuffs, sumatra, indonesia oxford. P, s velocity and vpvs ratio beneath the toba caldera. Frontiers resurgent tobafield, chronologic, and model. The toba caldera is one of the volcanic complexes of the sunda arc, where the indoaustralian plate subducts obliquely at a rate of 56mm per year7. Penelitian isotop dan geokima terhadap fluida manifestasi lapangan panas bumi telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakter sistem panas bumi. The largest of the indian peakcaliente caldera complex eruptions, preserved as the wah wah springs tuff.
Precambrian research an archean megacaldera complex. The eruption led to the final formation of one of the largest calderas, the. Danau toba merupakan danau vulkanik terbesar di dunia dan memiliki aktifitas panasbumi. Australasian microtektites and associated impact ejecta in. The stations were equipped with the 1 hz mark products l4 sensors whose lowerfrequency limit of sensitivity is approximately at 0. We found that the middle crust below the toba supervolcano is. A volcanic group aka a volcanic complex is a collection of related volcanoes or volcanic landforms. A large magmatic sill complex beneath the toba caldera science.
Tectonic setting and location maps of the toba caldera complex. Pdf volcanological comparison of toba caldera, krakatoa. Karakterisasi isotop dan geokimia area panas bumi danau. Eruption of the three older toba tuffs alternated from calderas situated in northern and southern. Textural study of pumice clasts from the youngest toba. With nwse trending elongate geometry, sumatran fault influence on the formation of caldera was proposed by bellier and sebrier 1994. Seismically anisotropic magma reservoirs underlying. In the toba caldera, several large explosive eruptions occurred in the recent geological past, including the worlds largest pleistocene eruption 74,000 years ago. Lake toba is part of the toba volcanic complex on the island of sumatra and. Four separate eruptions have occurred from vents within the present collapse structure, which formed from eruption of the 2800 km3 youngest toba tuff ytt at 74 ka. Paleomagnetic observations from lake sediments on samosir. Correlation of the oldest toba tuff to sediments in the central indian.
The feeder system of the toba supervolcano from the slab. Nanoscale trace metal imprinting of biocalcification of. The youngest toba eruption occurred at the present location of lake toba in indonesia, about 75,000 900 years bp according to potassium argon dating. Magma reservoir dynamics at toba caldera, indonesia. About 74 000 yr ago, around 2800 km 3 of magma were erupted. Kaldera toba, relokasi hiposenter, geigers adaptive damping, coupled hypocenter velocity. There are many calderas in indonesia, five of the most wellknown are toba caldera, krakatoa caldera, batur caldera, tambora caldera, and rinjani caldera.
Toba caldera complex, north sumatra, indonesia is well known as the largest quaternary caldera 87. Magmatic history of the oldest toba tuff inferred from zircon. A volcanic field is a localized area of the earths crust that is prone to localized volcanic activity. We used ambientnoise seismic tomography below the toba caldera in northern sumatra to. Hatfield, indyo pratomo, rendi jamil, baskoro setianto. The toba caldera complex in northern sumatra was the site of 4 caldera forming eruptions in the past 1. Apr 16, 2001 toba caldera complex, north sumatra, indonesia, modified after knight et al. Samosir was formed by the uplift of the caldera floor due to magma pressure below.
The toba caldera was designated a national geopark of the republic. The results reveal crustal lowvelocity anomalies of up to 37%. Toba caldera complex, north sumatra, indonesia is known as the largest quaternary caldera that formed by super volcano eruption 8 vei. S9 can be explained by a large layered intrusion complex that is dominated by horizontally oriented sills. The bubblewalled glass shards are a two bubblewalled, b three bubblewalled and c shards with par characterised by elongated and triradiate boundaries of the vesicles allel elongated vesicles. Altiplano puna volcanic complex of the central andes apvc erupted 00 km3 of magma within the last 11 ma. Observation of the crustal seismic anisotropy below the toba caldera from the ambient noise seismic surfacewave tomography we used six months of continuous records from the stations shown in fig.
Distribution of magma beneath the toba caldera complex, north. At 100 by 30 kilometres 62 by 19 mi it is the worlds largest quaternary caldera, and the fourth and youngest caldera. Stratigraphy of the toba tuffs and the evolution of the toba. The toba catastrophe theory holds that this event caused a global volcanic winter of six to ten years and possibly a 1,000yearlong cooling episode. The sunda straits and indian ocean appear in the northeastern yvl. Volcanology ascentmechanismoflargemagmavolumesthrough a large.
One of the largest and most complex of these is the cerro guacha caldera. The major cause of this particular behavior might be the subduction of the water rich investigator fracture zone ifz just underneath the continental crust of sumatra. May 01, 2012 the toba caldera in indonesia is one of the most remarkable volcanic features formed during quaternary geologic time. Besides, the most recent large eruption of 73 000 yr ago, during the past 1. The volcanic chain with active andesitic volcanism is parallel to the subduction zone and situated along the barisan mountain range sieh and natawidjaja, 2000. Arar age determinations and paleomagnetic directions suggest that the cerro guacha caldera was formed by two major eruptions, caldera collapse, resurgence. The tectonic framework of the sumatran subduction zone.
Inset map on the right shows the past eruptions of toba caldera, with the oldest toba tuff ott, middle toba tuff mtt and youngest toba tuff ytt adapted from chesner, 2012. Presence of partial melt, decreases as melt fraction increases. Toba caldera toba caldera has been recognized as tectonovolcanic feature of sumatra with phenomenal eruption 73. Pdf an understanding of the formation of large magmatic reservoirs is a key issue for the. The mechanics of large volcanic eruptions royal holloway. If you wish to distribute this article to others, you can order highquality copies for your following the guidelines here. Its rich history of research for over a century has yielded important information on the physical volcanology of silicic calderas and supereruptions, geochemical evolution of silicic magma bodies, and geophysical imaging of active subvolcanic systems.
Ulvospinel mole fraction contents of magnetite range from 0. Textural study of pumice clasts from the youngest toba tuff. Inset map on the left shows the location of toba caldera and core md982181 md81. Available online xxx abstract the toba caldera in indonesia is one of the most remarkable volcanic features formed during quaternary geologic time. Bellier and sebrier 1994 built a structural evolution of toba caldera figure 6. Ulvospinel mole fraction contents of magnetite range from 0365 to 0185. The caldera is now home to lake toba and samosir island. Terdapat dua wilayah di danau toba dengan manifestasi panasbumi berupa mata air panas, fumarol dan steaming ground, yaitu di daerah simbolon dan pusuk buhit. Interpretation of residence times and integration with thermal and mechanical constrains 35 4. Resurgent tobafield, chronologic, and model constraints on. Caldera is depression in volcanic area or over volcanic center, it is product of vast explosion or tectonic sinking sometimes after an eruption hugget, 2007. Karakterisasi isotop dan geokimia area panas bumi danau toba. Seismically anisotropic magma reservoirs underlying silicic. Seismic tomography reveals the feeding system of the toba.
A large magmatic sill complex beneath the toba caldera this copy is for your personal, noncommercial use only. Carbon14 dating, lake sediments, toba caldera, resurgence, numerical modeling, magmatic. A volcanic group aka a volcanic complex is a collection of. Introduction australasian tektites are found in indochina, southern china, the philippines, malaysia, indonesia, and australia. We estimated three sets of values by averaging all points with the radial anisotropy exceeding 5%, 7%, and 10%, respectively table s1. A large magmatic sill complex beneath the toba caldera. Apr 19, 2017 this ribu is the highest point on the volcanic island of samosir, which lies within the vast toba caldera complex a landscape formed 74,000 years ago by the largest volcanic explosion in the history of the world. Converted wave imaging of the toba caldera, indonesia.
Beneath the toba caldera and other volcanoes of the arc, we observe relatively moderate for volcanic areas negative p. Chesner department of geologygeography, eastern illinois university, charleston, il 61920, united states article info article history. We present a new model of the p and s seismic velocities. Ours is the first caldera complexwide study of the hrcc. Caldera is depression in volcanic area or over volcanic center, it is product of vast explosion or tectonic. The toba caldera complex of northern sumatra, indonesia fig. Download citation the toba caldera complex the toba caldera in indonesia is one of the most remarkable. An estimated 2,800 km 3 670 cu mi of denserock equivalent pyroclastic material, known as the youngest. The toba depression overlies two magma reservoirs in the shallow caldera forming, ash. Petrogenesis of the toba tuffs, sumatra, indonesia journal of.
Thii eruption was the occurrnce in british columbia has been described by fourth igrimbriteforming eruption from toua ln the past camptell and ethier 1984 volcanic allanite has been. Mapped geologic units for sinabung volcano from prambada et al. After a massive eruption of 74,000 years ago that resulted in formation of the toba caldera, the toba volcano had no longer showed signs of its activity. The eruption left a caldera 100 kilometers 62 miles long, 29 kilometers 18 miles wide, and 508 meters 1,666 feet deep, making it the largest volcanic structure on earth. Volcanology ascentmechanismoflargemagmavolumesthrough. The scs developed on the south china continental margin between the. Penelitian isotop dan geokima terhadap fluida manifestasi lapangan panas bumi telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakter sistem panas bumi tersebut. The two lines marked aa0 and bb0 note the locations of the cross sections shown in the figure 2.
Tectonic setting and location maps of toba caldera complex. These eruprions have left a 100 x 30 km caliera 9tglb. The toba caldera has been the site of several large explosive eruptions in the recent geological past, including the worlds largest pleistocene eruption 74,000 years ago. A recent seismic study at the toba caldera indonesia identified an anisotropic signature that was interpreted to represent a magmatic sill complex spanning most of the crustal column jaxybulatov et al. Residence times of silicic magmas associated with calderas. The youngest toba eruption was a supervolcanic eruption that occurred around 75,000 years ago at the site of presentday lake toba in sumatra, indonesia. The major cause of this particular behaviour may be the subduction of the fluidrich investigator fracture zone directly beneath the continental crust of sumatra and possible. We also used the regional tomographic model based on records from earthquakes mainly located below the toba caldera 24. The anisotropy below 7 km in depth appears to be due to a layered magmatic intrusion dominated by horizontally oriented sills. It is one of the earths largest known explosive eruptions. In different subduction zones, many traces of caldera forming eruptions have been recorded8. Abstract the toba caldera in indonesia is one of the most remarkable volcanic features formed during quaternary geologic time. We have estimated the possible macromechanical properties of such media via the modeling of seismic velocities in random layered structures 15, 21. It was so enormous that it is thought that the eruptions nearly wiped out all human life on the planet.
Stratigraphy of the toba tuffs and the evolution of the. These data indicate that samosir island, the upper surface of which was the floor of the caldera that collapsed 74 ka during the young toba tuff eruption, was submerged beneath lake level 900 m a. Improving the water quality of lake toba, indonesia aquacase 3. A large magmatic sill complex beneath the toba caldera k. Map of western indonesia, with toba volcano marked as white star. Igneous evolution of a complex laccolithcaldera, the solitario, trans. Toba caldera complex in northern sumatra, one of the largest active volcanic system in the world, local earthquakes have been used to invert for pwave velocities in a coarse model with a grid measuring 10.
The sumatran fault is vis ible west of toba from southern toba, while the mtt and ytt erupted. This eruption was the last and largest of four eruptions of the lake toba caldera during the quaternary period, and is also recognized from its diagnostic horizon of ashfall, the youngest toba tuff. Chesner c a 1988 the toba tuffs and caldera complex. This event, called the eruption of the youngest toba tuff ytt, was responsible for the collapse structure of the toba caldera visible today van bemmelen 1949. Until now, silicic ash layers and dispersed glass shards from the eruption of the toba caldera. Lake toba is earths largest volcanic lake, measuring a staggering 100. Magmatic history of the oldest toba tuff inferred from. The blake river megacaldera complex brmcc with a diameter of. We estimate that deposition of the ash occurred a 800 ka ago and that it is spread over an area of at least 3. The toba caldera in indonesia is one of the most remarkable volcanic features formed during quaternary geologic time. Oct 31, 2014 the radial anisotropy within the middle crust below the toba caldera fig.
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